Delmar Gouldian Finches

1500 BC

Birdkeeping had been documented by 1500 BC. (ABK Authors 2000)

1835
Blue-Face Parrot Finch was discovered in France and given the nameKittlitz. (Internet 2012)

1838-1840

John Gould was in Australia, acco mpanied by his artist wife, who died on thei return to England in 1841. (Vriends 1991)

1838

Gouldians first described by John Gould as a result of an ornithological expedition. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1839
First European sighting of Gouldians in December 1839 by Benjamin Bynoe at Victoria River, Australia, where he shot a Gouldian Finch. (Goodfellow 2001)

1839 April
Jacques Bernard Hombron and Honroe Jacquinot collected three Black Headed specimens and named the finch Poephile Admirable. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1839 October
J. C. Wickham recorded the Gouldian Finch and sent a specimen of a Black Headed Gouldian Male to John Gould. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1840
John Gould was in Australia from 1938-1940. (Vriends 1991)

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1840
First specimen collected near Darwin, Australia on Greenhill Island, near Cobourg Peninsula, by John Gilbert, published in {Strange New World}. (Goodfellow 2001)

John Gilbert obtained two immature specimens at Green Hill Island in Van Dieman's Gulf. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1840
John Gould received two juvenile Gouldians from John Gilbert, who found them near Port Essington. These juveniles were Black Headed. (Vriends 1991)

1841
John Gould's wife, who helped with artistic work, died in England. In honor of his wife, John Gould named the new finch, Lady Gouldian Finch. (Vriends 1991)

1842
John had returned to England, but John Gilbert continued the exploration. John Gilbert sent a specimen to John Gould, who named it Amandina Gouldae (Meaning belonging to Gould). He named the new finch after his wife Elizabeth, a brilliant illustrator of bird books, who had died after the expedition to Australia. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1844
John Gould placed the Gouldian Finch in the genus Amadina Gouldae. (ABK Authors 1991)

John Gould thought that the Gouldian Finch was related to the Cutthroat Finch and other African species. (ABK Authors 1991)

Each bird species is given two names, one name for the person who describes it and the second name for the relationship with other bird species. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

John Gould had first described the Gouldian Finch before Jacques Bernard Hombron and Honroe Jacquinot, so he could also name the finch. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

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1845
John Gilbert shot a Gouldian at Port Essington and wrote to John Gould about the bird. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1862
Reichenback stated that the Gouldian Finch genus should be Chloeba. (ABK Authors 1991)

1876
First Yellow Headed Gouldian was collected by W.G. Armit at Four Mile Creek, Dunrobin, near Georgetown, North Queensland. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1886
First Australian breeder was Dr. E. P. Ramsay, who bred Gouldians in the aviaries at the Australian Museum in Sydney prior to 1866. (Immelmann 1965)

E. P. Ramsay was the first successful breeder. (Mobbs 1985)

Dr. Ramsay named the Yellow Headed Gouldian as Phoephila Armitana. (Mobbs 1985)

1886
First Gouldian was imported into Germany. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1887
First Red Headed and Black Headed Gouldians were imported into Europe. (Vriends 1991)

1887
Gouldians arrived in England. (Vriends 1996)

Gouldians arrived in England and the continent by 1895. (Mobbs 1985)

First Gouldian specimens reached England in 1887 and the continent about 1895. No record of the first breeder in Europe. (Immelmann 1965)

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1888
Reginald Philips was the first successful breeder in England. (Vriends 1991)

Dr. E. P. Ramsay bred in the Australian Museum in Sydney. Queenslanders were also successful. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1891
Reginald Phillips bred Gouldians in England and proved the three head colors on the Gouldian were the same species. ( Evans and Fidler 1986)

Reginald Philips was the first successful breeder in England. (Vriends 1991)

1895
Gouldians reached the continent. (Immelmann 1965)

1896-1897
Gouldians were exhibited for the first time in Berlin. (Vriends 1996)

1899
Butler Neuzig, Wolters, Steiner and Mitchell agreed that the Gouldian Finch resembled the Parrot Finch genus (Erythrura). Later, Immelmann and others also agreed with this opinion. (ABK Authors 1991)

1899

Red Headed Females with Black feathering on their heads were considered to be Melanistic both in the wild and captivity. (Mobbs 1985)

1915
Yellow Headed Gouldians, considered rare, were imported into Europe.(Vriends 1991)

The Yellow Headed Gouldian was imported into Europe. (Mobbs 1965)

The Yellow Headed Gouldian did not reach Europe until 1915.(Immelmann 1965)

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1915
A lot of color variation noted on Red Headed Females, from bright to dull in coloring. (Immelmann 1965)

1926
Gouldians in the wild were on the decline, published in {Emu}. (Goodfellow 2001)

1926-1956
P. W. Teague started with two pairs of Gouldians and bred for 30 years, until 1956. Other noted breeders were Herr Gertzeigler in Europe, E. Baxter and Ray Murray in Australia, and F. Barnicoat in South Africa. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1930's (Late)

Hans Catt in Carlington, Sydney, Australia had Lutinos, which were wild caught in the late 1930's. These Lutinos had bad eyesight and were not Sex-Linked. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1930's (Year Unknown)
Gouldian Finch was imported into USA.

Note: This date was given to McAlpin from Terry Dunham. (McAlpin 2004)

1930-1946
P. W. Teague was the first to build an unbroken stud of 24 generations. (Vriends 1991)

1930
P. W. Teague, an English apiculturist, built a healthy stud of Gouldian Finches. (Vriends 1996)
P. W. Teague published an article about Gouldians in {Avicultural Magazine}. (Immelmann 1965)
P. W. Teague was successful and numerous articles were published in {Avicultural Magazine}. (Mobbs 1985)

1936
First Blue Face Parrot Finch X Gouldian Finch Hybrid was bred by K. Kleineidan in Riesa, Germany and sold to Zoological Museum in Copenhagen. (Immelmann 1965)

1936

Red Headed Melanistic Pied Gouldian bred by Kathleen Wilson-Jones, was not established. (Mobbs 1980 and Evans and Fidler 1986)

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1937
B. J. Hambridge in the United Kingdom produced a Gouldian, which was similar to a Parrot Finch. The Black color of the face covered all of the head down to the breast. The breast was a darker Purple. The back was normal Green and the stomach was normal Yellow. The breast feathers were tinged with Blue (like the Blue seen around the collar). It had Black feathers on the belly near the wings. The beak was Black, was not established. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1938
Gouldian with Blue streak in the breast with Greenish-yellow feathering. It was bred by Keston at the Foreign Bird Farm in United Kingdom, was not established. (Mobbs 1980 and Evans and Fidler 1986)

1940's

A. H. Catt of N. S. W. had Lutinos, which came from wild caught birds and they were stolen. These birds had bad eyesight. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

There were four aviaries with Lutinos in South Australia and one aviary in New South Wales. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

Lutinos reported in Sydney, Australia with Red head, Red eyes, White breast and Yellow body, all were stolen, and was not established. Photo was published in {Guide to Gouldian Finches}. (ABK Authors 2005)

Note: One reason for our having ADT Security System. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1941
First Australian Dilute Back appeared in E. Waite's aviary in Upper Paddington, Queensland. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

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1941
Mrs. I Phillips purchased a Red Headed Albino, thought to have been a Lutino rather than Albino. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1943
Dr. Jean Delacour placed the Gouldian, as did earlier ornithologists, in the genus Poephila, a Parrot Finch. The proper genus was a matter of debate. (Evans and Fidler 1986)
John Delacour, agreeing with earlier ornithologists included the Gouldian Finch in the genus Poephila. He argued that the Goudian Finch resembled Grass Finches. (ABK Authors 1991)

1943
Jack Stunnell and George visited Hans Catt and saw his Lutinos, which all had White breasts and had bad eyesight. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1945
Dilute Back appears in two Queensland aviaries in Australia. (Evans and Fidler 1986)
First Dilute Back appeared in Queensland. (ABK Authors 2005)

Mobbs describes the Australian Dilute as having cream wings and back, with the remainder of the plumage appearing Normal, other than the Black bib and the head band, which is white. (Mobbs 1990)

The Dilute-Back, which is Recessive, first appeared in Queensland. The bib was a creamy bluish White. The back was a creamy Lime, and the head was a Silver-gray. Juveniles have Red eyes in nest that turn dark. (ABK Authors 1991)

Note: This was the Australian Dilute Back and not the Pastel Green, which appeared in Holland in 1979. This Dilute Back, found only in Australia, is Autosomal Recessive and a lighter Green than the Pastel Green which was also called Dilute in 1984. The Pastel Green Is Co-dominant Sex-linked. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1945

Mr Knuckley in Adelaide, Australia produced a Lutino from green parents. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

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1946
Color Inheritance article was published in {Avicultural Magazine} by H. N. Southern. (Immelmann 1965)

1946
Ray Murray saw the first Blue-Backed in Sydney and bred the Blues in 1955. (Evans and Fidler 2005).

1949
Gouldian with Green head, bred by Leonard Webber was reported in United Kingdom, and was not established. (Mobbs 1980 and Evans and Fidler 1986)
It was thought that possibly this bird was stuck in molt. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

195o's
World War II led to a break in progress, but the 1950's saw massive exports of Gouldians from Australia. (Vriends 1991)

White Breasted Gouldians appeared in Australia and at the same time appeared in South Africa in the late 1950's. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

195o's
Jim Clark saw Lutinos at a farm near Campbelltown, N.S. W., Australia.
(Evans and Fidler 2005)

195o's (Mid)
The Australian White Breasted Yellow appears in Fred Carew's aviary in Sydney, Australia. The majority of the Australian White Breasted Yellows (AKA Australian Yellow) descended from the birds originally bred by John Sammut and Vince Axiak in 1982-1983. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

The Australian White Breasted Yellow is Autosomal Recessive. The Black head appears as Cream. It has White nodules and is variegated as juveniles. Adults retain more or less of the variegated back coloring with the purer Yellow more desirable. (ABK Authors 1991)

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195o's (Late)

Stan Guest visited Hans Catt's aviary and saw about one dozen Lutinos. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1950's (Late) and 1960's (Early)

Blue backed Gouldians were caught from wild birds in Australia and were a Teal-Blue in color. They were last seen in 1970's. (Evans and Fiddler 2005) 

Note: The Australian Blue, which is Teal-Blue is Autosomal Recessive. The European Blue and the Australian Blue Gouldians are both Autosomal Recessive. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1953
Ray Johnn reported Blue Back Gouldians in Sydney, Australia. Some breeders did not believe that it was a mutation, and was not established. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1954
White Breasted Gouldian appears in Australia and also appears in South Africa inlate 1950's. (Mobbs 1985)

White-Breasted first appeared in Australia in 1954 and in South Africa in the late 1950's. (Mobbs 1990)

White Breasted Gouldians appeared in Australia and in the late 1950's and appeared in South Africa. (Vriends 1991)

Ray Murray stated that White Breasted Gouldians appeared in the Mier's aviary in South Australia. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

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1955

Ray Murray saw the first Blue-Backed in Sydney in 1946 and bred the Blues in 1955. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1956
Henry Nauman stated thatNormal Gouldians cost $299.00 in the USA. (McAlpin Notes 1997)

1957-58
Ray Ackroyd, a trapper in Sydney, caught three Lutinos at Yinberrie Hole, near Pine Creek, in N. T.,and sold them to Hans Catt in Carlington, Sydney. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1958
Australia had Lutinos numbering to fifty but all had died except ten. Later all died, and the mutation was lost. (Mobbs 1985)

1958
Fifty-five professional catchers in Kimberly caught 27,000 finches. Hundreds died during transportation, leaving 300-400 survivors. (Immelmann-Evans and Fiddler 1986)

1958
Classification of Australian Finches listed by Dr. J. A. Keast. (Immelmann 1965)

1958
I. G. Mitchell published an article in {Emu} and stated the similarities to the Parrot Finch as follows: 1) Red Headed Gouldian is similar to Peal's Parrot Finch. 2) Belly and breast is like the Pin-tailed Nonpareil. 3) Female Gouldian and Female Parrot Finch are similar to the Males and both are Greyish-green birds. 4) Baby mouth markings are similar to the Red Headed Parrot Finch. 5) Their song is similar. 6) Plumage pattern is similar to Mannikins. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

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1958

I. G. Mitchell stated that the Gouldian Finch mouth markings is similar to the Parrot Finch. (Evans and Fidler 1986. The Gouldian Finch. Page 15)

Note: The Mouth Marking Chartshown in{The GouldianFinch}by Evans and Fidler in 1986 and 2005, does not show the two lower spotson the throat of the Gouldian Finch drawing. The drawing for the Red-headed Parrot Finch has 5 mouth and throat spots.The chart does not show the center nodules for the Gouldian Finch. This chart was dated in 1958, which was prior to the ban in Australia for exportation.(Evans and Fidler 1986 and 2005)

Immelmann used a Mouth Marking Chart in his book{Australian Finches}, which shows the 5 spotsfor the GouldianFinch and the center nodules. (Immelmann 1965)

A photo in {A Guide to Gouldian Finches 2005}, shows the 5 spotsfor the Gouldian Finch mouth markings. (ABK Authors 2005)

In 2012,photos of Gouldian Finch mouth markingslook like the drawing for the Red-headed Parrot Finch, whichwas published in {The Gouldian Finch} by Evans and Fidler in 1986 and 2005.(McAlpin Comment 2012)

1959
H. R Gilbert wrote that Gouldians were hard to acclimate in an aviary. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1959
H. R Gilbert in the United Kingdom produced a Gouldian with Yellow wings, pale Green back, White breast, and Brown mask. When it molted, it turned all white, and was not established. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1960's (Late)
Hans Catt's Lutinos were stolen and none were left in Australia. The gene was not Sex-linked. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1960's (Late)
Lutino Gouldians were reported in Japan. Miyake's friend got about 20 Lutino Gouldians from a semi-professional breeder in 1967. (Evans and Fiddler 2005)

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1960's
Blue Backed Gouldians reported in Australia. The mutation that originated in Australia in the 1960's never appeared in Europe or America.

(Vriends 1991)

1960
The Gouldian was not yet considered as domesticated. ( Mobbs 1985)

1960
Australia bans exportation of all Gouldians. (Mobbs 1985)
Trapping of Gouldians was limited due to a ban by the Australian Goverment on wildlife. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1960
Japan started exporting Gouldians, stated to be mediocre to bad. (Vriends 1991)
Large numbers of Gouldians were exported from Japan to Britain. These birds were fostered and considered to be weak. (Mobbs 1965)

1961

Yellow-backed Gouldians and blue-backed Goluldians reported in Japan, which were lost for a time. (Miyake 1999)

1962
White Breasted Gouldians included in the South African National Cage Bird Association. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1962

Mrs. M. F. Hall found that the complex song of the Gouldian Finch is similar to Mannikins and the plummage is like the Chestnut-Breasted Mannikins. Mrs. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1963
Yellow Headed Gouldian article published in {Avicultural Magazine} by R. Murray. (Immelmann 1965)

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1964
Red Headed Gouldian recognized as the wild type by Volkner. (ABK Authors 2005)

1965
Gouldians were in great demand. (Mobbs 1965)

1965
Klaus Immelmann and Dereck Goodwin argue that the Gouldian is the intermediate between the Parrot Finch and Mannikins. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1965
White Breasted Gouldians, which appeared in 1954, and was successful in South Africa by F Barnicoat, after he obtained two Split Males from a Pet Shop. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

F. Barnicoat bred three head colors in the White Breasted Gouldian. (Mobbs 1985)

All the White-Breasted held in captivity have orgianated from those originally owned by Mr. Barnicoat. (Mobbs 1990)

1965
The first Gouldian mutation was a Red Headed Lutino. Also Albinos and Pieds were known and Blue Back Gouldians reported. (Immelmann 1965)

Note: The Lutino and Albino Gouldians were most likely those found in Australia prior to 1965, which were stolen. The Albino would have most likely been a combination of the Australian Blue, which was Autosomal Recessive, and the Lutino gene, which was not Sex-Linked and possibly Autosomal Recessive. The Pieds were most likely the Australian White Breasted Yellow. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1965
Blue Face Parrot Finch X Gouldian Hybrid reported confirming the strong affinity between the species. (Immelmann 1965)

1966
Cream body Gouldian with White breast, White wings, a Tangerine head flecked with Grey, and Pink legs reported in Australia, and was not established. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

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1967
Fallow Red Eyed Gouldians reported in Japan. (Miyake 1999)

Note: The Fallow Gene is Autosomal Recessive. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1967

F. Barnicoat was successful with White Breasted Gouldians and produced them in three head colors in South Africa. (Vriends 1991)

F. Barnicoat published an article about breeding the White Breasted Gouldian in {Australian Aviculture} (Fidler and Evans 1986)

F. Barnicoat sent White Breasted Gouldians to Holland. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1968
Dr. A. M. Brush and Dr. H. Seifried published an article describing different feather structures for Gouldian head coloring. (Evans and Fidler (1986)
Red Headed Gouldian verified as wild type by Brush and Seifried by feather structure. (ABK Authors 2005)

1968
Mike Reed reported that Gouldian Finches were common on Main Street at Katherine. (Goodfellow 2000)

1969
R. A. Eggington imported White Breasted Gouldians from South Africa to the United Kingdom. (Evans and Fidler 1986)
F. Barnicoat sent White Breasted Gouldians to Eggington in the United Kingdom. (Evans and Fidler 2005)
F. Barnicoat sent White Breasted Gouldians to France and Italy. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1969
Gouldian Finches were seen at Darwin near the Old Darwin Hospital according to Don Jacobs. (Goodfellow 2000)

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1970's (Late)

Herr P. Molenaers stated that Blue Backed Gouldians in Europe during the 1970's disappeared without being bred. In late 1970's and early 1980's, Holland succeeded in establishing the first Blues. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1970's

Blue Breasted Gouldians reported in the USA, Europe, South Africa and Australia. Both Vriends and Professor M. Pomarede did not believe it was a mutation, but thought it to be from over-melanization. (Vriends 1991)

1970's

Lilac or Rose breasted Gouldians reported by breeding White Breast to White Breast. (Vriends 1991)

1970
Eric Cooper imported White Breasted from South Africa into the United Kingdom. (Evans and Fidler 1986) 

1970
Barry Hutchins stated that several Melanistic Gouldians were trapped from the wild. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1970
Ray Murray stated that 90 percent of Dilute Back Gouldians in Australia had been killed by disease. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1970

F. Barnicoat bred the first Yellow Headed White Breasted Gouldian. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1971
Australia Finch Society formed. (Mobbs 1985)

1973
Ziegler thought Gouldians had lost their parenting skills due to having been fostered. (ABK Authors 2005)

1973
Dr. Luis Batista describes a Gouldian who learned the song of a Avadvat. (Evans and Fidler 1986).

1973
Trapping of Gouldians continued at Wyndham, near Kimberly. They were sent out from Perth, and sold in Australia. (Evans and Fidler 1986).

1973
Fawn Gouldians bred by Keith Thompson of Glenhuntly and Lou Koenig of Ararat, in Australia. They did not have Pink eyes and was not established. (Evans and Fidler 1986).

Ray Murray stated that Fawn Gouldians had appeared in two aviaries in Melbourne, but was not established. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

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1973
Dilute Back Gouldians in Australia had been diminished to one Split Male. But, Dilute Back stock was built up and close to being established, according to Ray Murray. (Evans and Fidler 1986).

1974
Wild Gouldian population suddenly dropped according to Mike Reed. (Good Fellow 2000)

1976
United Kingdom had 21 Breeders who had White Breasted Gouldians. ( Evans and Fidler 1986)

1976
White Breasted Gouldians were imported into USA from South Africa and England. (Dunham 1984)

1976
Lutino and Albino mentioned in NFSS article by Rae Anderson. (Anderson 1976)

Note: Rae Anderson most likely made reference to Immelmann's writing in 1965 about Lutinos and Albinos in Australia. These Lutinos had been stolen in the late 1960's, leaving none in Australia. Having a security system is a good method to prevent stolen birds. (McAlpin Comments 2012)

1976
Wild Gouldian adults and juveniles were seen at Fannie Bay. (Goodfellow 2000)

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1977
Australian Blues appeared in Western Australia at the same time they appeared in Europe. The European Blue is Recessive. The Australian Blue has more Green in the back coloring than the European Blue, and may be a Turquoise mutation. It is Autosomal Recessive. (ABK Authors 2005)

1977
Blue Backed Gouldians appear in Europe. (Dunham 1984)
Blue Back Gouldians reported in Europe, and was established in Holland. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

Terry Dunham gave 1977 as the date for establishing Blues in Holland. (Dunham 1984)

1977
White Breasted Gouldian was imported into USA. (Dunham 1987)

1978

Lilac Breast showed first on Males who had been bred White Breast to White Breast. (Mobbs 1985)
First Lilac Breast reported in United Kingdom. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

Lilac Breast was considered dangerous to the purity of Normal Gouldians and thought it should be eradicated. (ABK Authors 1991)

1978
Australian White Breasted Yellow with a Yellow Head is reported in N. S. W. Australia. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

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1979
SF Pastel Green Gouldians appears in Holland, described as a Dilute. Breeders thought it was the same as the Dilute Back Gouldian in Australia. It was sold as Recessive to Terry Dunham. But, it was Sex-linked and not the same as the Dilute Back in Australia. (Dunham 1985)

The Pastel Green mutation was in Holland and making progress.(Evans and Fidler 1986)

1979

SF Pastel Green and DF Pastel Green appear in the aviary of G. Megens in Holland. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

Note: The Dilute Back (AKA Pastel Green)in South Africa was different than the Dilute Back in Australia. The Dilute (AKA Pastel Green)in South Africa is Co-Dominant Sex-Linked and the Dilute Back in Australia is Autosomal Recessive.

1980's
Blue Breasted Gouldians bred by Herschel Frey in USA with some imported into the United Kingdom. (Evans and Fidler 1986)
Blue Breast Increasing available in USA. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1980
White Breasted Gouldian reappear in Alan Lynch's aviary in Brisbane, Australia with five reported by 1982. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1981
A little over 1000 Gouldians trapped in Australia. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1982-1983

The majority of the Australian White Breasted Yellows (AKA Australian Yellow), which first appeared in the 1950's,descended from the birds originally bred by John Sammut and Vince Axiak. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

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1982
White Breasted and Lilac Breasted were bred in Sydney, Australia by John Sammut. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1982
Lutino Parrot Finch discovered in France. (Evans and Fidler 1990)

1982
Western Australia prohibited trapping of Gouldians and none were trapped in 1982. However, illegal trapping continued. (Evans and Fidler 1986)
Trapping banned in all Australian States. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1982
A Lutino in Holland was offered to A. J. Mobbs. This Yellow Gouldian had a Red head and was all Yellow, as was all of this mutation. (Mobbs 1985)

Note: Vriends wrote in 1991 that Lutinos with Red heads and Yellow Heads had been established in Holland by G. Megens. This gene had been in Australia in the 1960's, which was not Sex-Linked. Megens had crossed the Lutino with pastel colors to produce an Albino. This is most likely the Fallow gene, which appeared in Japan in the late 1960's. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1982
Immelmann and Derek Goodwin argue since the relationship is unknown for the Gouldian Finch, it is best to give it a separate genus as Chloebia, which is the oldest and best known genus name. (ABK Authors 1991)

1983
Professor M. Pomarede published an article about the Lilac Breasted Gouldians in Le Journal Des Oiseaus in April 1983. (Vriends 1991)

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1983
A very attractive mostly Yellow mutation of the Red-headed Parrot Finch was being bred in Europe and England. (Dunham 1983)

1983

First Gouldians arrived in Cuba from France in 1983.

Quote: " The first Gouldians in Cuba came from France back in the year 1983." (Farrat/McAlpin Correspondence 9.22.05)

1984
Extremely small numbers of Yellow bodied Gouldians reported to be in Holland, which originated in 1979, and selling for $1000.00 each.(Dunham 1984)

1984
Dr. Richard Zann pointed out in his article published in {Australian Aviculture} that Gouldians were in serious decline. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1984
Numbers of wild Gouldians dropped from thousands in the 1960's, to hundreds in the 1970'si and to a "mere handful" in 1980's. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1984
Terry Dunham imported Dilute Gouldians and also Blue Gouldians from Holland to USA.. One "Split" to Yellow Gouldian cost $5000.00, which included the cost of importing and losses sustained in USDA's quarantine station. (Dunham 1985)

Dilutes were imported into USA by Terry Dunham. (Evans and Fiddler

2005)

Note: These Dilutes are now known as Pastel Green to distinguish them from the Dilute Back in Australia. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1984
Red Headed Gouldians were firmly established in the USA. (Dunham 1984)

1984
The size and color of Gouldians in the USA was brighter than those in the wild. (Dunham 1984)

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1984
Blue-Breasted were available in small numbers in the USA and Europe, with prices typically three or more times the cost of Normal Gouldians. (Dunham 1984)

1984
Yellow Headed Gouldians were firmly established in the USA. (Dunham 1984)

1984
White Breasted Gouldians had been firmly established in the USA. White Breasted was selling for 2 to 3 times the price of Normal Gouldians. (Dunham 1984)

1984
Lilac Breasted, also called Rose-breasted or Dilute-breasted, were available in small numbers in the USA and England, and selling for a price higher than White Breasted. (Dunham 1884)

1984
Blue Gouldians were available in very small numbers from Europe for $1000.00 per pair, which was a Blue Female with a Split for Blue Male. (Dunham 1984)

Date of 1977, was given for establishing Blues in Holland. (Dunham-Evans and Fidler 2005)

1984
Yellow Gouldians, also inadequately called Dilute-backed Gouldian, existed in extremely small numbers in Europe and offered at $1000.00 each. (Dunham 1984)

1984
Unusual Gouldians were reported such as: Red Breasted Gouldian in South Africa; Black Breasted in Germany; All Blue Gouldian in the USA, but not as Blue as those seen in Australia; Black backs and wings, which was not increased by line breeding; Red between the breast and stomach; Bright Blue streaks through the breast Color. ( Dunham 1984)

Note: Red between the breast and stomach recognized as Fusion Line in the wild Gouldians in {The Guide to Gouldian Finches 2005}. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

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1984
Status of Lutinos in Australia was unknown. But, a photo confirmed that at least one had been raised in Australia, but a correspondent from that Continent stated that the photo is of a stuffed museum specimen and that he knows of none existing. (Dunham 1984)

1984
First Dilute hatch in the USA in December 1984 bred by Terry Dunham. (Dunham 1985)

Note: This was the Pastel Green gene in the USA. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1984
Normal Gouldians Split to both Blue and Yellow existed in Europe. (Dunham 1984)

Note: The Yellow was the Pastel Green gene. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1984
First Dilute Blue Gouldian in USA Bred by Terry Dunham. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

Note: The Dilute Blue is now known as Pastel Blue. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1985

Blue Breasted Gouldians are becoming popular in the USA. (Mobbs 1985)
The Blue Breast was increasingly available in the USA and was bred by Herschel Frey. ( Evans and Fidler 1986)

1985
Gouldian Finches were given a separate genus as Chloebia Gouldae. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1985
Albino Gouldians reported as all White with Pink eyes. (Mobbs 1985)

1985

Purple Breasted and White Breasted Blue Back Gouldians reported. (Mobbs 1985) 

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1985
Unusual colored Gouldians reported by Mobbs such as: Black Headed White Breasted Gouldian with patchy Turquoise Blue among Green feathers. Also a Normal with deep Blue feathers on the back, which was patchy. (Mobbs 1985)

1985

Mobbs published color photos showing White Breasted and Lilac Breasted Goluldians. (Mobbs 1985)

1985
Dilute Back Gouldians were bred in South Africa and Australia. (Mobbs 1985)

Note: The Dilute Back reported in South Africa was most likely the Pastel Green Gene, which appeared in Holland in 1979 and is Co-Dominant Sex-linked. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

The Dilute Back in Australia was the Gouldian named as Dilute Back and is Autosomal Recessive. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1985
First Yellow hatch in the USA in January 1985 bred by Terry Dunham. (Dunham 1985)

Note: The Yellow was the Pastel Green gene. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1986-1987

Bill Boyd, in Belmont, N. S. W. Australia, reported an Australian Pastel in his aviary, which was thought to be similar to the SF Pastel Green Gouldians in Europe and the USA. By 2005, it was not well established. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

Australia has the EuropeanYellow/Pastel, which is Sex-Linked like the European Pastel Green, and Australia also has an Australian Pastel, which is Autosomal Recessive. Australia also has the Australian Dilute Back, which is Autosomal Recessive, and the Australian White Breasted Yellow, which is Autosomal Recssive. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1986

White Breasted widely available in Europe and USA. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

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1986

Lilac Breasted was kept by several breeders in the United Kingdom. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1986

The Blue Breast was increasingly available in the USA and was bred by Herschel Frey. Some had been imported into Europe. ( Evans and Fidler 1986)

1986
Wild Gouldian body colors varied according to various locations in Australia. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1986
The Gouldian Finch had been adopted as the emblem for several Avicultural Societies by 1986. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1986
P. W. Teague believed that White Prosso had killed his Gouldians. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1986
A Red Headed Pied was produced by Phil Thompson in Australia. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1986
{The Gouldian Finch} published photos of Dilute-backed, White BreastedPastel , and Purple Breasted Blue Gouldians.(Evans and Fidler 1986)

Note: This Dilute-backed was the Australian Dilute-Back, which is Autosomal, or the European Pastel Green, which is Sex-Linked. The White Breasted Pastel was the Australian White Breasted Yellow, which is Autosomal or the SF Pastel Green, which is Sex-Linked. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

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1986
Gouldians had been placed in the family of birds known as Estrilidae. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1986
Numbers of Gouldians in the wild had dramatically declined and had become rare. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1986
Black Headed Gouldians in the wild were the most common by 3:1. Yellow Headed was rare with 5 or 10 in 1000. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1986
Gouldians in captivity were larger and had brighter colors than the wild Gouldian. Gouldians in captivity had lost part of their contact call. They raised more babies than the wild Gouldians. (Evans and Fidler 1986)

1986
In the USA, Terry Dunham had ten Yellows, some were White Breasted, and Dilutes believed to be Split for Blue. (Dunham 1986)

Note: These Yellows and Dilutes are now Known as Pastel Green. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1986
In the Holland, breeders were having a hard time raising more Blues and prices had increased. (Dunham 1986)

1987

First Silver (AKA Pastel Blue) in USA had been produced by Terry Dunham. (Dunham 1987)

1988

Terry Dunham published color photos of SF Pastel Green Male, SF Pastel Green Female, DF White Breast Pastel Green Male, Purple Breasted Blue and a Pastel Blue (AKA Silver)in Cage-Bird Magazine. (Dunham 1988)

1988

Second import of Gouldians arrived in Cuba from Venezuela in 1988. Quote: " The first Gouldians in Cuba came from France back in the year 1983 and5 years later a few more arrived from Venezuela." 

 (Farrat/McAlpin Correspondence 9.22.05)

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1989
Sonia Tidemann,, a research scientist with the Conservation Commission of Northern Territory, starts studies to determine the reason for the decline of wild Gouldians. (ABK Authors 1991)

1990's
Sea Green Gouldians were reported in Australia, Europe and USA. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1990

Mobbs stated that the actual genetics of all of the Gouldian mutations, except the three head colors and the White-Breasted and Lilac-Breasted, had yet to be fully determined. (Mobbs 1990)

1990
Robert Lynd, of New Lambton, Newcastle, N.S. W., Australia produced a Black Headed Blue Backed Gouldian from two Greens. The bird died and was not established. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1990
The Lutino was the only mutation for the Blue-faced Parrot Finch. ( Mobbs 1990)

1990
Lutinos bred in Belgium by 1990. The first Lutinos in Belgium came from a Green pair. All visual Lutino stock was lost. A few years later, the breeder got Females from Split for Lutino Males. Two lines were established and he had about 40 in 2005. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1990
White Breasted Gouldians widely available in Australia. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1990

The majority of European Yellow/Pastel Gouldians in Australia, which are similar to the Pastel Green found in Europe and the USA, descended from Ray and Wendy Lowes aviary. By 2005, it was well established. (Evans and Fiddler 2005)

Australia has an Australian Yellow/Pastel, which is Sex-Linked like the European Pastel Green.   Australia also has the Australian Dilute Back, the Australian White Breasted Yellow, and the Australian Pastel (The Gouldian Finch 2005 Page 174), which are all Autosomal Recessive. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1990

The majority of Blue-Backed Gouldians in Australia descended from Ray and Wendy Lowes original stock. (Evans and Fiddler 2005)

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1990

Blue-Backed Gouldians were not firmly established in Australia until 1995 and appears to be the same genetic mutation that appeared in Holland in 1977. (Evans and Fiddler 2005)

The majority of the Blue-Backed Gouldians currently being bred worldwide are descended from Dutch birds. (Evans and Fiddler 2005)

The Australian Blue gene, which is Teal-Blue, is Autosomal Recessive. The Blue-Backed Gouldian, which is like the European Blue gene, is darker Blue, and is also Autosomal Recessive. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1991 

Blue-backed Goluldians, which are Autosomal Recessive, have Red and Yellow tipped beaks which do not show color and the baby's skin is a smokey, blue-grey haze (ABK Authors 1991) 

1991
Sea Green Gouldians were new to Australia. (ABK Authors 1991)

1991
Yellow-Backed Gouldian genetics was thought to be complicated. Babies were thought to look jaundice for coloring. (ABK Authors 1991)

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Note: There has been confusion about naming the Pastel Green Gouldian which is Sex-Linked,  in relation to the Australian Dilute Back, the Australian White Breasted Yellow,  and the Australian Pastel, which are all Autosomal Recessive (The Gouldian Finch 2005 Page 174).  The Pastel Green has been in Europe since 1977, and USA since 1984, and it is Sex-linked. (McAlpin Comment 2012).

1991
A Silver Gouldian was the result of breeding Dilute to Blue. (ABK Authors 1991)

Note: This Gouldian is now called a Pastel Blue and the Dilute is called a Pastel Green. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

1991
Lilac Breast had appeared in Australia. Lilac Breast was thought to be dangerous and should be eradicated. (ABK Authors 1991)

1991
Lutino reported in Holland with Red heads and Yellow heads with Red eyes, White Breast and Yellow body, bred by G. Megens. Vriends stated that it was well established and was the same as existed in Australia in the 1960's. (Vriends 1991)

Note: This Lutino may have been produced from the Fallow gene, which had arrived in Japan by 1967. It would also have been the Lutino gene, which was offered to Mobbs in 1982. (McAlpin Comment 2012).

1991

Albino  reported in Holland, bred by G. Megens. Vriends stated that the gene had existed in Australia in the 1960's and needed exact genetical explanation. (Vriends 1991)

Note: This Albino  may have been produced from the Fallow gene.  This indicates that possibly the Fallow gene did exist in Europe, as well as in Japan. (McAlpin Comment 2012).

1991

White colored Gouldians  with dark eyes had been seen in the Netherlands. (Vriends 1991. Gouldian Finches. Page 73) 

1991 

Black Headed Gouldians in the wild out numbered the Red Headed Gouldians. Yellow Headed Gouldians in the wild were only 1 in 3000. (Vriends 1991)

1992
Belgium sold all Lutino Gouldians to Japan. (Miyake 1999 and Correspondence with Belgium 2002)

1992
The wild Gouldian Finch was classified as endangered. (Internet 2012)

1993
Cinnamon Gouldians were bred by Daniel Wildemeersch in Belgium, which had a high death rate. The mutation is Sex-linked. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1993
The Gouldian Finch Recovery Project was set up and led by John Woinarske with input from Sonia Tidemann, Peter Dostine, Milton Lewis, Colleen O'Malley and Carol Palmer. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1994
Gouldian Finch placed in the genus with Parrot Finch as Erythrura. (ABK Authors 2005)

1994
Graham Tulk established Dark Factor Gouldians in the United Kingdom. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

Page 28 of 38

1994
Miyake made five trips to Europe dating Between 1994 and 1999, to purchase Lutino Gouldians from Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Miyake purchased Gouldian stock thirty times. (Miyake 1999)

1995
Blues established in Australia, and first thought to be the same as the Blues, which originated in Holland in 1977. Most of the Blues in Australia descended from Ray and Wendy Lowe's aviary. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

Blue-backed Gouldians were caught from wild birds in Australia and were a Teal-Blue in color. They were last seen in 1970's, and then appeared again in 1990. (Evans and Fiddler 2005)

Blue-backed did not become firmly established in Australia until after 1995 and appears to be the same genetic mutation that appeared in Holland in 1977. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

1995 

First Blue Faced Parrot Finch arrived in Cuba in 1995.

Quote: "10 years ago migrated the tri color finch (we are not sure about how and from where) to Cuba and are well stablished in the wild. As they have proofed raising Gouldians in captivity we intend to switch their eggs."  (Farrat/McAlpin Correspondence 9.27.05)

1996
Van Keulen Poster shows a Lutino from Belgium as Black Headed (Light Tan) , White Breasted, Lutino Female. (Internet 2012)

Note: The name of this breeder has remained unknown. (McAlpin Comment 2012)

Page 29 of 38

1996
Ron Castaner wrote that a Yellow or Lutino body occurs in Red or Yellow Orange heads only. (Ron Castaner 1996)

1998
Wild Gouldians numbered about 2500. (ABK Authors 2005)

1998

Cuban Gouldians traded with Spainish breeders since 1998. 

Quote: "Since 1998 I started interchanging birds with 2 European champion from Spain which came to Cuba to particpate in the South Hemisphere World Championship carried out that year in Cayo Coco.." (Farrat/McAlpinCorrespondence 9.22.05)

1999
{I Succeeded in Breeding Albino Gouldian Finch} was published by Miyake, a Japanese breeder. Albinos were produced by using a combination of genes, which included the Fallow Gene. (Miyake 1999 and ABK Authors 2005)

1999
Japan had ten breeders of Lutinos and Albinos. (Miyake 1999)

2000
Wild Gouldian Finch placed on the Endangered Species List by Garnett et al on the basis of guidelines developed by international authorities.

(ABK Authors 2005)

2001
A flock of twenty wild Gouldians were seen at Fountain Head. (Goodfellow 2000)

2002
First USA SF Pastel Green Lutino Female appeared in Tennessee, USA, owned by Cindy Godwin. (McAlpin 2004)

2002
The USA Lutino Project was started by Winnie McAlpin at Delmar Gouldian Aviary. The project began with one  Lutino (SF) Pastel Green Female from Cindy Godwin on 8.29.02. (McAlpin 2004)

2002
There were no Lutinos located in Belgium as all were sold to Japan in 1992. (Miyake 1999 and McAlpin Correspondence 2002)

Page 30 of 38

2002
Twenty juvenile Gouldians were released into the wild at Mareeba Tropical Savannah Wetland Reserve, in Queensland, Australia. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

2003
The first USA Black Headed Lutino was born on 2.14.03 and bred by Cindy Godwin. (McAlpin Notes 2003)

2003
Miyake went to Belgium and could not find Lutino Gouldians. (McAlpin Correspondence 2003)

2003
A new line of Black Headed Lutinos surfaced in Belgium. (McAlpin 2004)

2003
Belgium bred a new line of Lutinos and exported Lutino Gouldians until 2009. The Belgian company maintained a web site. (Internet 2012)

2003

Red Eyed White  Albinistic Gouldian reported in Cuba, which was produced  from Gouldians received from Spain.

Quote: "The red eyed mutation came out 2 years ago in my bird room, first a hen with red eyes from a silver white breasted black headed cock and blue black headed white breasted hen."

(Farrat/McAlpin Correspondence 9.22.05)

2003
The Gouldian Finch Restoration Program was established at Mornington Wildlife Sanctuary to help save the wild Gouldians from extinction. (Evan and Fidler 2005)

2004
An article and photos from the USA Lutino Project was published in NFSS July-Aug 04 Journal by Winnie McAlpin. (McAlpin 2004)

2004
Belgium had one or more breeders, Japan had ten, and the USA had two breeders of Lutinos in 2004. (McAlpin 2004)

2004
{International Gouldian Naming Chart} was presented by James Watson to GPA101Genetics. (Internet 2004)

2005
{The Guide to Gouldian Finches} was revised with photos of Lutinos from Japan, Belgium and the USA on pages 99-101. The first USA Lutino (SF) Pastel Green female, named Winnie by Cindy Godwin, is on the back cover. (ABK Authors 2005)

2005
{The Guide to Gouldian Finches} states that there are three Ino genes: the Fallow Gene in Japan, one true Sex-linked Lutino Gene in Europe and a different true Sex-linked Lutino Gene in the USA. The author stated that the European and USA Lutino genes should not be mixed in order to maintain both genes. (ABK Authors 2005)

2005
Japanese "Red-eye Factor" exists in small numbers. (ABK Authors 2005)

2005
{The Gouldian Finch} was revised with a photo of a USA Black Headed Lutino (SF) Pastel Green Female, named Winita, photo on page 166. (Evans and Fidler 2005)

2005
{The Guide to Gouldian Finches} published a 1940's photo of the Australian Lutino with Red head, Red eyes and White breast on page 118.(ABK Authors 2005)

Page31 of 38

2005
The first USA Lutino Female was born in the Delmar Gouldian Aviary on 1.5.05 and proven not to carry any other gene by 2006. This female named Danita, was also the first USA Yellow Headed Lutino Female. She was the Great Granddaughter of the first Lutino (SF) Pastel Green Female, bred in 2002. (McAlpin Notes 2005)

2005
Lilac Breast was commonly bred world wide, but not well established everywhere. It is Autosomal Recessive, Dominant to White and Recessive to Purple Breast. (ABK Authors 2005)

2005
The Fusion Bar was published as part of the original coloring of the wild Gouldian in{The Guide to Gouldian Finches}. (ABK Authors 2005)

2005
Lime Gouldians reported in Australia. They are Sex-linked Recessive and similar to Cinnamon Gouldians. (ABK Authors 2005)

2005
Blue Breast was not established. (ABK Authors 2005)

2005

The Australian Dilute, which is Autosomal Recessive, and the Australian White Breast Yellow, which is Autosomal Recessive, are only found in Australia. Europeans have called the Australian White Breasted Yellow as a Pied. (ABK Authors 2005) 

The Pastel Green in Europe and the USA is Co-dominant Sex-linked. (ABK Authors 2005) 

2005
The first USA Yellow Headed Lutino Female photo was published in the NFSS Nov-Dec 05 Journal. (Kumar 2005)

2005
Save the Gouldian Fund was started by Mike Fidler in Sydney, Australia. (Internet 2012)

Page 32 of 38

2005
The first Pastel Blue with White wings and White tail was published in {Guide to Gouldian Finches 2005} on page 104. It was bred by Winnie McAlpin and was not established. (ABK Authors 2005)

2005
Cinnamon is not firmly established in Europe. (ABK Authors 2005.)

2005
Dark Factor Gouldians found in the United Kingdom and is Co-dominant. (ABK Authors 2005)

2005
England produced Inos with Black heads and White breasts. (McAlpin Correspondence 2005)

2005

Cuba had 3 new generations of Albinistic Gouldians.

Quote: "This year I have 3 generations to be born.  The first red eye is with her son.  The red eyed daughter is mated with a single factor yellow red headed lilac breasted cock.  Another son is mated with a yellow red headed lilac brasted hen.  At the end of this month I will be lucky to know whether this is a sex-linked mutation."

(Farrat/McAlpin Correspondence 9.22.05)

2005

Cuba's first Yellow Albinistic Gouldian born on 12.13.05

Quote: "Tomorrow we will take a pic of the first cuban lutino, it has 12 days old. You will be the first to see it, of course after us." 

(Farrat/McAlpin Correspondence 12.25.05) 

2006

Photos of Cuba's first Yellow Albinistic Gouldian posted at Daniel Wildemeerch's web site in January 2006.

Quote: "We are sending you and Terry the last photos of the Lutino chick , what do you think about it?" 

(Farrat/McAlpin Correspondence 1.2.06) 

2007
Black Headed Lutino Gouldian wins in a Belgian Show. (McAlpin Correspondence 2007)

The first USA Red Headed Lutino Female, named Beatie, was born 12.19.07. This female, which was produced in the Delmar Gouldian Aviary, is the Great, Great Great Granddaugher of the first USA Lutino (SF) Pastel  Green Lutino Female, bred in 2002. ( McAlpin Notes 2007)

2008
The first USA Red Headed Lutino Albino, named Dodie, was produced at Delmar Gouldian Aviary. This Albino was the Great Great Great Granddaughter of the first Lutino (SF) Pastel Green Female, bred in 2002. (McAlpin Notes 2008)

Page 33 of 38

2009
The company in Belgium, which had exported Ino Gouldians since 2003, stopped updating their Web Site. (Internet 2012)

2010
Italy produced Black Headed Inos with White breast. An Italian article was published, which referenced the Cuban and USA Lutinos. (McAlpin Correspondence 2010)

2010
The first USA Red Headed Lutino Male, named Robert, was born 2.19.10. The first Yellow Headed Lutino Male, named Victor, was born on 11.13.10. These males, which were produced in the Delmar Gouldian Aviary, are the Great, Great, Great Great Grandsons of the first Lutino (SF) Pastel Green Female bred in 2002. (McAlpin Notes 2010)

2010
Germany produced Inos with Black Heads, Tan Heads, Brown heads. The German Ino has Red eyes with White breasts. (McAlpin Correspondence 2010)

2010
Bahrain produced Inos with Black heads and Tan heads Brown heads and White breasts. The Bahrain Ino has Red eyes with White breasts. (Internet 2012)

2010
Spain produced Red Headed Inos with a White breast. (Internet 2010)

2011
The first USA Yellow Headed and Black headed Albino Females were produced at the Delmar Gouldian Aviary. These Albino Females are the Great Great Great Great Great Granddaughters of the first Lutino (SF) Pastel Green Female, bred in 2002. (McAlpin Notes 2011)

The first USA Black Headed Lutino Females were produced at the Delmar Gouldian Aviary. These Females are the Great Great Great Great Great Granddaughters of the first Lutino (SF) Pastel Green Female, bred in 2002. (McAlpin Notes 2011)

Page34 of 38

2011
Germany produced Red Headed Inos with White breast. (McAlpin Correspondence 2011)

2011
Cuban Inos, which originated from Spain, arrive in the USA. The Cuban Inos have Black heads, Tan heads, and Brown heads with White breast. The Cuban Ino has Red eyes and Darkish Yellow bodies. (McAlpin Correspondence 2011)

2011

The wild Gouldian Finch has been downlisted to Near Threatened because past population declines appear to have ceased. (Internet 2012)

2012
Albino Ino with Tan head reported in Israel. (McAlpin Correspondence 2012)

2012
The first photos and video of the USA Red Headed and Yellow Headed Lutino Gouldian Males were posted to the Internet. (McAlpin Notes 2012)

2012
Information, charts and photos about international Inos were posted at GPA101Genetics for Identification and understanding the different Ino colorings. (Internet 2012)

2012
I was contacted with photos, which indicate that a possible Ino Gouldian has appeared in Australia. Later, this Ino was reported to have deceased.(McAlpin Correspondence 2012).

 2012

  USA Lutino Project was completed on 8.29.12 with the birth of the first White Breasted USA Lutino Female. (McAlpin Notes 2012)

 2013

First sale of USA Lutnos, to an avian collector, was finalized on 7.6.13.   The buyer's name, location, and price are presently withheld as requested for security purposes.  

 Page 35 of 38

REFERENCES:

ABK Authors (2000). Handbook of Birds Cages Aviaries. Australian Birdkeeper Publications.
ABK Authors (2005). Handbook of Birds Cages Aviaries. Australian Birdkeeper Publications.
ABK Authors (1991). The Guide to Gouldian Finches. Australian Birdkeeper Publications.
ABK Authors (2005). The Guide to Gouldian Finches. Australian Birdkeeper Publications.
Anderson, Rae V. (1976). Success with Gouldians. AFA Watchbird-June/July 1976.
Castaner, Ron (1996). (Volume 2 No 1 1996) Gouldian Genetics. Finch and Canary World, p.12.
Dunham, Terry (1983). Book of Finches. T. F. H. Publications, Inc. Ltd.
Dunham, Terry (1984). Gouldian Finch Mutations. NFSS Bulletin July 1984.

Dunham, Terry (1985). Breeding The Yellow Gouldian Finch. NFSS Bulletin July-Aug 1985.
Dunham, Terry (1986). Gouldian Mutation Update. NFSS Bulletin 1986.
Dunham, Terry(1987). Mutations. Great America Bird Show. Natures Window.

Dunham, Terry (1988). American Cage and Bird Magazine. March 1988.

Fidler, Mike and Evans, Stewart (1990). The Aviculturists Guide. Blanford Press.
Fidler, Mike and Evans, Stewart (1986). The Gouldian Finch. Blandford Press.
Fidler, Mike and Evans, Stewart (2005). The Gouldian Finch.Indruss Productions.
Goodfellow, Denise Lawungkurr (2001). Birds of Australia's Top End. Scrubfowel Press.
Immelmann, Klaus PhD (1965). Australian Finches. Angus and Robertson.
Kumar, Christine (2005). Cr me da la Creaminos. NOV-DEC 2005 NFSS.
Miyake. Y. (May 1999). I Succeeded in Breeding Albino Gouldian Finches.
Cage and Aviary Birds, p.19.
McAlpin, Winnie (2004). Lutino Gouldian Project. NFSS Journal July-Aug. 2004.
McAlpin, Winnie (1997-2012 Aviary Notes and Correspondence).
Mobbs, A. J. (1990). The Complete Book of Australian Finches. T. F. H. Publications, Inc. Ltd.
Mobbs, A. J. (1985). Gouldian Finches. Beech Publishing House.
Mobbs, A. J. (1990). The Complete Book of Australian Finches. T. F. H. Publications, Inc. Ltd.
Vriends, Matthew M. PhD (1991). Gouldian Finches: Everything about Purchase, Housing,Care, Nutrition, Breeding and Diseases. Barron Educational Series.
Vriends, Matthew M. PhD (1996). (Volume 2 No 1 1996) The Great Gouldian Finch. Finch and Canary World, p.4.

INTERNET REFERENCES

http://www.theparrotfinches.com/species.htm

http://www.animalposters.nl/index.php/en/birds/view-all-products/Page-2.html

http://www.bird-export.com/

http://www.savethegouldian.org/

http://pets.groups.yahoo.com/group/GPA101Genetics/

http://www.gouldianfinchplanet.com/?p=230/

http://users.skynet.be/fa398872/

http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=8695

Page 36 of 38

CLOSING COMMENTS

8.18.12

The USA has or has had the White Breasted, Lilac Breasted and Blue Breasted Goluldians. There are no Blue Breasted Gouldians in the USA at present and a few Lilac Breasted exist.

For Gouldian body colors, the USA has the SF and DF Pastel Green gene, which is Sex-Linked and the Blue gene, which is Autosomal Recessive. SF and DF Pastel Blue, (AKA as Silver), which are a result of combining the Pastel Green with the Blue gene, are also present in the USA.

Australia has or has had the Australian Dilute Back (1941), which is Autosomal Recessive, and the Australian White Breasted Yellow (1950's), which is Autosomal Recessive. Australia also has  the European Yellow/Pastel (1990), which is Sex-Linked like the European Pastel Green, and also an Australian Pastel (1986-1987), which is Autosomal Recessive (The Gouldian Finch 2005, Page 174). In 2005, Australia reported a new mutation as  Lime, which is Sex-linked. (The Guide to Gouldian Finches 2005, Page 102).

The European Pastel Green is bred worldwide, while Australia is the only country to have the Australian Dilute Back, the Australian White Breasted Yellow and the Australian Pastel, which are all Autosomal Recessive. There are two Sex-Linked Pastel Green Gouldians in Australia, which are the European Yellow/Pastel and the Lime.  Australia is the only country to report Lime.

There are possibly two Blue genes existing in Australia. The Australian Blue-Backed Gouldian (1946 and/or 1990), which is like the European Blue with a darker Blue color, is Autosomal Recessive. The Australian Blue (1950's), which is Teal-Blue, is also Autosomal Recessive. A new line of Australian Blues (2012), is currently being bred with hope of establishing strong Blues.

The only Gouldians, which are Autosomal Recessive genes, and exists outside Australia, are the Blue and the Fallow genes. The Fallow gene is present in small numbers in Japan and possibly some European countries. The Fallow gene produces Red eyed Green Goluldians. When combined with the Pastel Green and Blue genes, the Fallow gene can produce a Gouldian which looks like a true Lutino.

There are two Sex-Linked Lutino genes in the world, according to ABK Authors. One is called the European true Lutino gene, which produces White Headed (Black), Tan Headed (Yellow) and Brown Headed (Red) Lutinos. The USA true Lutino gene produces White Headed (Black), bright Red and Yellow Headed Lutinos. The USA is the only country with a Pink Breasted Lutino, which is Sex-Linked.

Australia has or has had five Autosomal Recessive genes as follows: Lutino, Dilute, White Breasted Yellow,  Pastel (The Gouldian Finch 2005 on Page 174) and Blue.   Australia has two Sex-Linked genes. One is similar to, or same as, the European Pastel Green found worldwide and also a Sex-linked Pastel Green, the Lime.

The USA has three Sex-Linked genes, which are the European Pastel Green, the USA Lutino and the European Ino.  The USA  has one Autosmal Recessive gene, which is the Blue.

Page 37 of 38

WRITE Gfinches2@aol.com if you note corrections needed for TIMELINE.

PLEASE CONSIDER THIS TIMELINE A WORK IN PROGRESS.

********************************************************************

WILD TYPE GOULDIAN 2007

Photo by Winnie McAlpin

Winnie McAlpin at Gfinches2@aol.com
USA Lutino at Delmar Gouldian Aviary
http://www.geocities.com/gfinches2/Delmar_Gouldians.html

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

8.17.12

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